Why is the ability to draw a Lewis structure considered a core chemistry skill?

What is the difference between a single bond and a multiple bond?
Why is the ability to draw a Lewis structure considered a core chemistry skill?
Draw the Lewis structure for hydrogen, the simplest molecule and explain the drawing.
Draw the Lewis structure for PCl3, phosphorus trichloride, the chemical used commercially to prepare insecticides and flame retardants. Explain the drawing.
Draw the Lewis structure for HCN, which has a triple bond. Explain the drawing.
How do you know when you need to add one or more multiple bonds to complete a Lewis structure?

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Textbook

Demonstrate understanding of why each step is being carried out.

Dry lab report on (Preparation of Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate)

Should be able to work out a percentage yield for your virtual experiment using the data.You can then compare yield, MP/BP and IR to the expected results in literature.

Information form the Rubric. Percentage of grade in Brackets.

Introduction

Should include the following

Aim of the report
Background on the molecule you have chosen to synthesize
Mechanism for the synthesis reaction – a diagram and your understanding of it.
Important theory behind the experiment
Method should include the following

Method should cover both the synthesis of the molecule and purification of it from any impurities.

Comparison of method or part of method to at least one alternative

Demonstrate understanding of why each step is being carried out

Considerations of Health and safety issues (major points should be clear in the method but an appendix at the end of the report for all chemicals used in the experiment, this includes products and impurities).

Detail of the method you have chosen so that someone else could replicate the method

Results

Your report should include the following:

Percentage yield calculations using your set of dry data, see separate data sheet for your data set.

Analysis of IR results for your compound including identification of key peaks and possible impurities. This can be for the product and starting compounds.

Analysis of melting point/boiling point data

Discussion and Conclusion

Should include the following:

Compare results with what you expected to get
Analyse the experimental error
cause and size of errors and their impact.
How they could be avoided?
What do the results mean? – link them back to the theory
How do they compare with others work? This should be referenced sources not other data in the results for students.
Link your results back to your objective in your introduction.
Discuss the strengths and limitations of your experiment

Use of referencing

Appendix

You may like to include the following as an appendix,note all key information should be in the main part of the report with appendices used for supporting information.

H&S information equipment lists detail of any calculations carried out (key details should be in the body of the text but if you want to break down the steps in more detail you can add this as an appendix).

Discuss the purpose of OSHA’s PSM standard, including why it was initially implemented and its scope.

Interactions of Hazardous Material

Note: The hazardous material usage (in pounds) shown in the table is only for purposes of this assignment exercise and does not reflect the actual chemical usage at a commercial pulp mill.
Key facility PSM inspection observations were as shown below.
The frequency of the inspection and testing of process equipment was not performed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, good engineering practices, or prior operating experience.
Process equipment records for 65 of 422 records reviewed were missing either the name of the person who performed the inspection, the date of the inspection, or the serial number of the equipment.
The process hazard analysis performed by MPP did not address all of the process hazards.
MPP did not review or evaluate their contractor’s safety performance and safety programs during the contractor selection process.
No written plan of action for the implementation of employee participation in PSM/safety activities was available for review.
An incident investigation of a potentially catastrophic release of chlorine dioxide was not initiated as required by PSM within 48 hours following the incident.
MPP’s Emergency Action Plan does not include procedures for handling small releases of hazardous materials.
Your MPP management team is not familiar with the requirements of OSHA’s PSM standard. Although it will be several weeks before OSHA provides the formal PSM inspection report and findings, you plan to proactively schedule an internal follow-up meeting with your management team and operations supervisors to prepare them for what to expect, including possible citations and fines for violations of the PSM standard. At a minimum, the questions below need to be addressed at this meeting.
Discuss the purpose of OSHA’s PSM standard, including why it was initially implemented and its scope. Explain why MPP’s pulp mill manufacturing process is considered a covered facility under OSHA’s PSM standard. Identify which hazardous material(s) used at the pulp mill facility exceed the threshold quantities (TQ) shown in 29 C.F.R. § 1910.119 Appendix A.
Describe an oxidizer. Identify at least three oxidizers used at this MPP facility, and discuss their potential hazards to human health and the environment. Based on the OSHA 8-hour permissible exposure limit (PEL)/time-weighted average (TWA) for your three identified oxidizers, which one would pose the greatest threat to human health? Explain why, and elaborate on how you should respond if this oxidizer is accidentally released.
Review the OSHA inspector’s preliminary observations, and provide recommendations regarding how MPP can improve their compliance with at least three elements of OSHA’s PSM standard. Each recommendation you provide must discuss the noncompliance issue(s) observed, the specific PSM standard requirement, and what program changes need to be implemented to improve your company’s PSM compliance.
Your paper must be at least three pages in length, not including your title page and references page. You are required to cite the course textbook, the OSHA PSM standard, and at least two other sources in your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced. Paraphrased or quoted materials must have accompanying in-text citations and references in APA format. Please adhere to APA Style when creating citations and references for this assignment.

Describe how the changes in DNA can become cancerous.

Prepare a full 2 pg paper in which you analyze the effects of ionizing radiation on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to provide a chemical reason as to why this might cause cancer. In your paper, include the following items:
Describe alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.
Analyze the chemistry of DNA.
Explain the effects of radiation on DNA.
Describe how the changes in DNA can become cancerous.

 

Identify what type of product will be made in Product 1 IR) Error Analysis ( discuss the possible errors, such as setting the variac apparatus from 40 c to 95 c to obtain distillate faster) and Conclusions.

Organic Chemistry lab 8: Dehydration of 2-methyl-cyclohexanol

Purpose: Data and Calculations

( create tables data from the observations file and arrange them in a understanding manner ) Discussion( develop paragraphs focusing on answering some questions located on the file “Anne Padias

Spectra Analysis (check the file with IR create two tables with the number and its assigned functional group, discuss the two IR provided in the files section with the starting material and the .product IR spectrum; for the product identify what type of conformation or structure will have the product. Be mindful that there are three possible types of products

identify what type of product will be made in Product 1 IR) Error Analysis ( discuss the possible errors, such as setting the variac apparatus from 40 c to 95 c to obtain distillate faster) and Conclusions; check the file named CHM2211L for a better description of these sections.

Determine the radius of the capillary tube from the measurements of the surface tension of pure water.

Calculations:

Determine the radius of the capillary tube from the measurements of the surface tension of pure water. The radius is calculated using equation (4) and the values of the density and surface tension of water at 25 ⁰C, which are r= 0.9971 g/cm3and g= 72.0 dyne/cm.

Determine the surface tension using equation (4) for all nbutanol solutions.

Density of pure nbutanol is 0.81 g/cm3nbutanol aqueous solutions.Determine the radius of the capillary tube from the measurements of the surface tension of pure water.ange from 0.8350 g/cm3to 0.9550g/cm3, use the average in your calculations: 0.8950 g/cm3

3.Determine the surface tension using equation (4) for all NaCl solutions.The density of the NaCl solutions is almost identical to the density of pure water. Use this value in your calculations for all the NaCl solutions: 1.0111 g/cm3

Plot the surface tension, gvs. In Cand determine the slope for nbutanol solutions and for NaCl solutions (separate plots).

Estimate the excess surface concentration, G, from the slope of gvs. In C and equation (5).Assume the temperature is 298 Kand R = 8.3145 x 103g m2s2K1mol1.The units of the excess surface concentration should be mol/m2.

Chemicals:

0.8 M nbutanol

0.8 M NaCl3% Chronic acid

Petroleum jelly