Why is fluorodeoxy glucose used in PET scans? And how does it indicate the presence of cancer cells?

In a Word document, first create a separate Title Page that contains the name of
the project, along with your name and the date. Then, answer the questions below:
1. Summarize the difference between cancer cells and normal cells, in terms of
metabolic activity, in your own words. Be sure to address the presence or
absence of oxygen, pyruvate, and lactate.
2. PET scans are used as a diagnostic for cancer cells. Describe how PET scans
work in your own words.
3. Why is fluorodeoxy glucose used in PET scans? And how does it indicate the
presence of cancer cells?
4. In the above articles and videos, there is a discussion of the role of pyruvate
and lactate. Draw the two structures and circle on your drawings exactly
where the two structures differ. Submit a photo of your drawing with your
student ID card visible with your Project. Make sure your image is clear. If
the image can not be read, it can not be evaluated.
5. Draw the reaction that can occur to convert one to the other . Show how NADH is involved in the reaction and give the name of any enzyme. Submit a photo of your drawing with your student ID card visible with your Project. Make sure your image is clear.

Describe the synthesis pathway for biodiesel.Synthesize biodiesel using a solid-state catalyst.

In this investigation, students will perform a transesterification of vegetable oil in the presence of a solid catalyst to produce biodiesel. Students will test for the presence of contaminants such as soap to determine the purity of their sample.
Outcomes
• Synthesize biodiesel using a solid-state catalyst.
• Test synthesized biodiesel for quality.
• Describe the synthesis pathway for biodiesel.

State your hypothesis: focus on the science, NOT the learning objectives. This should be a prediction in the form of a clear, confident statement regarding what you would expect to happen in your experiment.

REPORT IS SUBMITTED AS ONE DOCUMENT WITH PHOTOS/GRAPHS AND QUESTIONS INSERTED

Purpose and Hypothesis

This section should be a concise summary of the lab.
State the purpose, the main scientific ideas/concepts you are trying to learn about or prove/observe .
State your hypothesis: focus on the science, NOT the learning objectives. This should be a prediction in the form of a clear, confident statement regarding what you would expect to happen in your experiment.

What do you think would happen if the saliva treatment of the starch was conducted under very cold conditions? Very hot conditions?

In the quick test for fats, is there a relationship between the size of the spot and the fat content of the food? Explain your answer.

Activity 4

Data Table 4
Test Tube ID Observation
Test tube 1a
Albumin + pepsin + HCl + Biuret reagent before incubation
Test tube 2a
Albumin + pepsin + water + Biuret reagent before incubation
Test tube 1b
Albumin + pepsin + HCl + Biuret reagent after incubation
Test tube 2b
Albumin + pepsin + water + Biuret reagent after incubation

In which test tube(s) did protein digestion occur ? How do you know?

Activity 5

Data Table 5
Cup ID Observations
Cup 1
Cracker + distilled water + iodine-potassium iodide
Cup 2
Cracker + saliva + iodine-potassium iodide

What do you think would happen if the saliva treatment of the starch was conducted under very cold conditions? Very hot conditions?

Summarize any observations hat you think are significant and could help you explain or support your results. The lab may or may not specifically direct you to make observations,

Purpose and Hypothesis

This section should be a concise summary of the lab .
State the purpose, the main scientific ideas/concepts you are trying to learn about or prove/observe .
State your hypothesis: focus on the science, NOT the learning objectives. This should be a prediction in the form of a clear, confident statement regarding what you would expect to happen in your experiment.

Pre‐Lab Questions

Most labs have pre‐lab questions associated with them.  copy the questions into your report and answer them in complete sentences, explaining your answers. The example questions shown at the end of this document also apply to the pre‐lab questions.

This section should briefly summarize what you did. NOTE: This section is where you want to place your photos for your lab.

Data: Clearly present your data. Include data tables and graphs . While graphs may not be needed for every lab, data tables usually are. If you list numbers, make sure units are either with all the numbers or make sure the column label includes the appropriate unit associated with all the numbers in that column.
Observations: Write in past tense. Here you summarize any observations hat you think are significant and could help you explain or support your results. The lab may or may not specifically direct you to make observations, however in either case you should include a few general observations from the experiment which are not directly reported in your data tables.

Summarize in detail the main findings of the lab. Your conclusion should be one paragraph and on the order of 4 – 5 sentences. Summarize the main results and conclusions from the experiment and the main sources of error.

This section needs to show calculations for any calculations that were needed in regarding your data.
You must show work for the calculations in the questions or you will not get credit for you answer.

Conclusion
This section should summarize in detail the main findings of the lab. Your conclusion should be one paragraph and on the order of 4 – 5 sentences. Summarize the main results and conclusions from the experiment and the main sources of error. You may also include what you learned in the experiment or any results that you found surprising. For example:
State at least three sources of error in the lab.
Sources of error do NOT include errors in calculations. Do not say “human error”.
Error is classified as random or systematic, with explanations.
Find things within the lab that you could not control this time, but that you might be able to control if you could repeat the experiment under different conditions or with better equipment. Do not list things like not reading the directions, not cleaning glassware, or just being careless.

Define hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia and explain the consequences of each. Search the internet and discover how too much sugar in your bloodstream has adverse effects on your eyes, nerves and kidneys.

Diabetes

The topic for Module 5 is the chemistry of energy for living cells. The energy for cells ultimately comes from glucose, and diabetes is a disease that affects the metabolism of glucose.
An immense amount of research has been dedicated to metabolic pathways, which have resulted in a better understanding of diabetes and led to therapies to help correct this disorder. Watch the following two videos and follow the Instructions below.
● Insulin and glycagon
● Glucose insulin and diabetes
Instructions
1. Summarize the difference between the function of insulin and glucagon.
2. Define hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia and explain the consequences of each. Search the internet and discover how too much sugar in your bloodstream has adverse effects on your eyes, nerves and kidneys.
3. Explain in your own words the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
4. How might CRISPR be useful in curing diabetes?

Compare and contrast the chromatography method described above for GFP to the ones you used and the one you wrote about in your project for Module 2.

You will explore the use of Green Fluorescent Proteins (GFP), their structure, reactivity, purification, and identification. There have since been many uses for GFP in biological research, including other derivatives of the protein that emit different wavelengths of light.
⦁ View this ⦁ brief introduction to GFP .
⦁ Watch this ⦁ video showing chromatography being used to purify bacteria and collect the GFP protein.
INTRODUCTION
In a Word document, first create a separate Title Page that contains the name of the project, along with your name and the date. Then, answer the questions below:
⦁ The chromophore of GFP is what gives off the bright light. In the structure shown below, circle 1 amide, 1 amine, 1 carboxylic acid, and 1 alcohol.

⦁ In the structure shown above, (a) how many amides are there? (b) amines? (c) carboxylic acids (d) and phenols?
⦁ Referring back to the Project from Module 3, what IR bands would you expect to be prominent in an IR spectrum of the chromophore shown above?
⦁ How are the proteins sorted on the column showed in the second video?
⦁ Compare and contrast the chromatography method described above for GFP to the ones you used and the one you wrote about in your project for Module 2.
⦁ Referring back to Module 1, circle on the molecule shown below the area of the molecule that is aromatic and has conjugation. NOTE: You can either print or draw the molecule and then show your work for this question. All drawings should be signed and dated.

How does the strength of London forces change with increasing molecular weight? Explain briefly.

1.What is the shape of water?
2.What is autoionization, and how is it important for water?
3.Name the three non-covalent forces discussed in this module.
4.What type of non-covalent interaction is known as the strongest
dipole-dipole force?
5.Would the following be a hydrogen donor or acceptor? Or both?
6.How does the strength of London forces change with increasing molecular weight? Explain briefly.
7.Calculate the pH of a solution containing 0.12 M of OH- .
8.If a solution contains 0.00023M of H+, then what is the OH – concentration?
9.If a solution contains 1.67 x 10-8 M OH – , then what is H + concentration?
10.A solution contains H+ at a concentration of 1.67 x 10-6 M. Is
the solution acidic, basic, or neutral? Explain briefly.
11.What is the concentration, in M, of water as a pure liquid?
12.Define Keq and K w .
13.Identify the acid, conjugate base, and proton in the following reaction.
14.A buffer system has a pKa of 8.5. What is its effective buffering range?
15.A buffer system has [H +] = 1.2 x 10 -6 , [A – ] = 1.2 x 10 -6 , and [HA] = 3.2 x
10 -5 . What is its corresponding Ka value?
16.A buffer system has [H +] = 1.2 x 10 -6 , [A – ] = 1.2 x 10 -6 , and
[HA] = 3.2 x 10 -5 . What is its corresponding Ka value?
17.Ice melts at room temperature. What is the sign for
Δ
G in this reaction?
18.Butane combusts in the air by the following reaction:
C 4 H 10 (l) + 6.5 O2 (g)
⟶
4 CO 2 (g) + 5 H 2 O (g)
What is the sign (+ or -) of
Δ
G,
Δ
H, and
Δ
S in this reaction?
19.
What is the role of ATP in helping a non-spontaneous reaction occur?