Describe the steps of the T-cell mediated immune response. Begin from an antigen entering the body. Be sure to mention and describe T-cell activation, T helper cells, MHC receptors, Cytotoxic T-cells and their roles in this immune response.

In lecture, we discussed 5 ways that antibodies interact with antigens to inhibit to destroy them. Please list the 5 ways antibodies interact with antigens and describe how each way works to inhibit or destroy the antigen they bind to.0-150 words.
Part A:
First, describe the difference between disinfection and sterilization. Then answer: Is disinfecting something the same as sterilizing it? Why or why not? Take into account the techniques used in each and the level of microbial control achieved.
Is boiling water considered a method of disinfection or sterilization?

List and describe each of the 5 classes of immunoglobulins. Be sure to mention their biological functions. Also mention which immunoglobulins can be passed from mother to baby .

Describe the steps of the T-cell mediated immune response. Begin from an antigen entering the body. Be sure to mention and describe T-cell activation, T helper cells, MHC receptors, Cytotoxic T-cells and their roles in this immune response.
Describe the steps of the B-cell immune response leading to humoral immunity. Begin from an antigen entering the body. Be sure to mention and describe B-cell activation, memory B cells, MHC receptors, plasma cells and their roles in this immune response.

Explain how an mRNA vaccine works to elicit an immune response from our bodies that will lead to longer-lasting immunity. In your answer, be sure to mention: the components of the vaccine , how does the mRNA trigger an immune response from our immune cells and how do our immune cells respond to it.

 

Compose a thread that takes the side of either the National Academy of Sciences, which supports human gene editing, or historian of science Nathaniel Comfort, who rejects human gene editing. Give evidence to support your position.

Discussion Assignment Instructions

The student will post one thread of at least 300 words. For each thread, students must support their assertions with at least 1 scholarly citation in APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years. Acceptable sources include the textbook, the Bible, science journals, and websites.

Gene editing methods have been around for years but involved cumbersome mechanisms. In 2015 the CRISPR gene editing system has made this method easy to do.  One Chinese researcher has modified human embryos so that they are not susceptible to HIV.  His work was condemned by the international scientific society.
In this assignment, you will be asked to choose a side and defend your position.

Compose a thread that takes the side of either the National Academy of Sciences, which supports human gene editing, or historian of science Nathaniel Comfort, who rejects human gene editing. Give evidence to support your position.

What is being measured to test the hypothesis?What is the problem/question being studied?What is the experimental variable?

Answers should be double spaced; 11-12 font size; standard margins. Proper grammar and paragraph format is expected. All answers should be written in complete sentences.

A recent clinical study demonstrated a possible connection between coffee consumption and heart health. The researchers performed a 6-week trial with 191 individuals, all of whom were heavy coffee drinkers before the experiment, but none of whom were smokers. They divided the 191 participants into three groups: no coffee consumption, 1-3 cups/day, and four or more cups/day.

a) What is the problem/question being studied?

b) What is the hypothesis?

c) What is the experimental variable?

d) List the controls.

e) What is being measured to test the hypothesis?

 

Why are our hands such a rich environment for microbes?

For this lab, you will write a lab report on the report form.  A zero score will be entered for submissions that do not use the required report form and/or do not follow the directions.

Our skin is the first line of nonspecific immune defense. There are several forms of protection, such as lysosomes in our sweat and the natural biome on our skin. This lab focuses on our hands because we use our hands to touch objects.

The microbes on the objects we touch are then introduced into our bodies by rubbing our eyes, licking fingers, rubbing or picking our nose, or through a cut in the skin. People are encouraged to wash their hands regularly to decrease the transmission of microbes from our hands.

Why are our hands such a rich environment for microbes? First, there is the structure of our skin. The outer layer, stratum corneum, is made up of dead cells. Microbes live off of the dead skin cells. The lower layers of the skin keep the microbes from entering the body.

Why are our hands such a rich environment for microbes?Explain your answer.

You will complete the lab report based on a physical lab that has already been completed. You do not need to purchase the supply list in the instructions. You will answer the lab questions based on the pictures provided.

Our skin is the first line of nonspecific immune defense. There are several forms of protection, such as lysosomes in our sweat and the natural biome on our skin. This lab focuses on our hands because we use our hands to touch objects. The microbes on the objects we touch are then introduced into our bodies by rubbing our eyes, licking fingers, rubbing or picking our nose, or through a cut in the skin. People are encouraged to wash their hands regularly to decrease the transmission of microbes from our hands.

Why are our hands such a rich environment for microbes?

What benefits have we gained from gene therapy? What are the downfalls of the smallpox vaccine? How can DNA profiling be used in positive and negative ways? Why did/are some people “all for” this topic? Why are some people dead set against it?

Your topic must have been discovered, researched, or in some other way used to significantly impact society in the past 120 years.  Write Your Paper In your paper you should include a detailed description of your topic.

How are genes inserted into plant cells? How does the vaccine interact with the body to produce immunity? How does gene therapy work? You should also include historic information. When was PCR invented? What types of polio vaccines were tried and failed before we succeeded? What are the times, the dates, and the people involved? What was the world like before?

If your topic is relatively new, or something that is still being developed, you may want to include where the future is heading. Gene therapy isn’t commonly used now; why not? What needs to be perfected? How will that be done? You should discuss the good and bad side of your topic.

What benefits have we gained from gene therapy? What are the downfalls of the smallpox vaccine? How can DNA profiling be used in positive and negative ways? Why did/are some people “all for” this topic? Why are some people dead set against it?

What is the difference between Embryo and Fetus?According on what you learned about fertilization process, when does human life begin?

Beginning of Life

1.-Read ERD Part 4 Introduction and make a summary

Sexual reproduction:  ATTACHED FILE

ethical-religious-directives-catholic-health-service-sixth-edition-2016-06.pdf

2.-Speak about internal fertilization

3.-Describe fertilization process at a cellular level. Use scientific terms such as Mitosis – Meiosis, Diploid – Haploid, Gametes, Zygote, Syngamy, Blastocyst, Implantation, Gastrulation. Watching the video can help.

4.-What is the difference between Embryo and Fetus?

5.-According on what you learned about fertilization process, when does human life begin? Your answer must be objective and based on scientific evidence. Personal opinions are not allowed.

Why do red bloods cells need to “squeeze” through capillaries?What is the function of precapillary sphincters?

The Blood Vessels 

Circulation and the Blood Vessels
13.4 General Information about Blood Vessels
Objective -c13bob02 – List the order of the following blood vessels and state their function: (1)

⦁ Use the terms to complete the following:
away, capillaries, capillaries, exchange, oxygen-rich, towards, valves, veins,

⦁ Arteries – elastic vessels that carry blood from the heart.

⦁ Why do red bloods cells need to “squeeze” through capillaries?

⦁ What is the function of precapillary sphincters?

13.5 Physiology of Circulation
Objective – Define pulse, blood pressure, systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. (1) Define normal blood pressure, hypertension and hypotension. (1)

Why might there be a bacterial homolog? What about the gap? How would you handle the “gap penalty?

Bioinformatics Homework

1.Why the “once a gap, always a gap” rule? Is it an insertion or a deletion? Does it matter?
2.Why might there be a bacterial homolog? What about the gap? How would you handle the “gap penalty?”
3.Find out what you can about Clustal Omega.
4.For those more familiar with HMMs, try to explain what the arrows mean. Feel free to refer to the original paper on ProbCons.