Describe prophylactic measures that can be taken to limit the risk of infection.

Herpes zoster Shingles and Chickenpox’s

What is the causative agent of the disease? Is it a bacterium, a virus, a prion,or a eukaryote? Describe in detail its characteristics.

If it is a bacterium, what are the characteristics of the cell (Gram-reaction? cell shape and arrangement? metabolic capabilities?).

If it is a virus, what are its characteristics (DNA, positive-strand RNA,negative-strand RNA, or retrovirus? enveloped or naked? how large is it?3 of 4 does it form a provirus? Any unique characteristics of its multiplication cycle?).

If it is a prion, what is a prion? Wherein the body does it occur? What is the function of the normal-type protein?

If it is eukaryote, is it a fungus, an alga, a protozoan, a platyhelminth, or a nematode? Is it multicellular or unicellular? What is its life cycle?

History: How long have we known about this disease?

Describe the changes in our knowledge and attitudes toward this disease throughout history.

Epidemiology: Describe the prevalence and transmission of this disease.

Where (in the world) is the disease prevalent? How many people are currently infected? What is the rate of new infections? What are the rates of morbidity and mortality?

What is (are) the reservoir(s) of the pathogen? What is (are) the mode(s) of transmission?

Pathology: Describe the pathogenic effects on cells, tissues, and organ systems.

Where in the body (what tissues/organs/cells) does the pathogen affect?

What damage does the pathogen inflict? How is this damage inflicted (is there direct mechanical damage? is a toxin produced? does the immune response cause damage?)?

What is the time sequence of the disease (length of incubation, prodrome,illness, decline, and convalescence)? Are there sequalae?

What are the major signs and symptoms?

Response and Treatment

Describe the activity of our immune system against the pathogen.

What types of medical treatments exist? Describe how these treatments affect the progression of the disease.

Describe prophylactic measures that can be taken to limit the risk of infection.

Socio-politico-economic

Describe any historic or present day social, economic, or political issues that either help or hinder us in limiting the spread of the disease.

Other Interesting Information and images

Your information must be credible, accurate, and well supported by evidence. The best

Where is this “special accessory” made in the snails.? any special organs? see if you can find it in literature.

Note: This is a collaboration (but of course you’re not allowed to give in your details), not a plagiarism.

Want a critical review paper.

One critical review paper is about 4 pages (1000-1500 words)

But in this paper,want you to write two sections of critical review.Each section is 4 pages

Title: Reproductive ecology of “a snail species”

Introduction

Am studying the reproductive ecology of a species of aquatic snail (will tell what species and family later)
Description of the species
Reproductive ecology
put whatever information that fits here
Evolutionary perspective
significance of this snail
significance of this study..why is this study important?

Section 1. “special accessory” of this snail species (4 pages, or more)

Find all studies that studied or at least mentioned the “special accessory” of this snail (or its family). (I will send the papers to you, you must read all and refer these papers)
Provide diagrams for each of the “special accessory”
Read up on…why do some snails have these and others don’t?
whats the general function of them? which snails have them generally? which family? which species in this family? what is their function in this species I’m studying.
Where is this “special accessory” made in the snails.? any special organs? see if you can find it in literature.

Section 2. Egg cases and early development (4 pages)

Provide review about the egg cases of this snail.
Read some articles, and most authors suggest that the snail hatch as veliger (swimming) larvae. These authors suggest this snail is amphidromous but I found that other papers suggest flexibility in hatching (meaning it doesnt hatch as veliger larvae). This hatching flexibility is known as poecilogony. Read up more about these terms though.Explain in great detail.

keywords: (will be revealed later)

Conclusion.
Don’t forget to sum up your conclusion and what are the recommendations for future studies?

Sources..Am not sure how many yet; want to read and revise first and see if there are any lack of informations.

Explain in detail. You can modify/change the outline, add new questions,arguments,discuss whatsoever you like, but  want to review the paper first before the deadline if it’s possible. You are more than welcome to give recommendations, advice.

Explain how this chemical/molecule is important in physiological conditions and in relation to the situation in the scenario

Human Biology

Key points to address:

Organismal level (3 marks)

Introduce selected client/patient

Relate the client’s scenario to your future profession (im doing an exercise and sports science degree, choose any profession you like)

System level (3 marks)

Identify the body system in relation to the scenario

Discuss the key structures and functions of this system in relation to the situation described in the scenario

Organ level (3 marks)

Choose an organ in the system above that relates to the scenario

Discuss the anatomy and physiology of the chosen organ focussing on the area affected in the scenario

Tissue level (4 marks)

Choose the main tissue in the organ above in relation to the scenario

Discuss the anatomy and physiology of the choose tissue in relation to the situation described in the scenario

Cellular level (5 marks)

Choose the main cell/s in the chosen tissue above that relates to the scenario

Discuss the anatomy and physiology of the chosen cell/s in relation to the situation described in the scenario

Chemical/molecular level (6 marks)

Choose the main chemical/molecule (neurotransmitter, hormone, ion, gas) in the chosen cell above that relates to the scenario

Explain how this chemical/molecule is important in physiological conditions and in relation to the situation in the scenario

Homeostasis for the chemical/molecular level (6 marks)

Discuss how the body maintains homeostasis at the molecular/chemical level of organisation discussed above.

What was your reaction to genetic genealogist CeCe Moore’s concern about the DNA pool?

Forensic genealogy

Read Forensic genealogy: how police use family trees to solve cold cases by Simon Crompton in Science Focus. As you read in your reading assignment for this week consider how DNA technology has impacted society and privacy.

What was your reaction to genomic research fellow Dr. Curtis’s stance on genetic data?

What was your reaction to genetic genealogist CeCe Moore’s concern about the DNA pool?

Are there some instances or certain types of gene therapy where it’s ethically ok,and some where it isn’t?

Gene Therapy

Would like you to present your thoughts and opinions on gene therapy, and the use of genetic engineering in humans. Gene editing has been a hot topic in molecular and cell biology, and am curious where you stand.

Are there some instances or certain types of gene therapy where it’s ethically ok,and some where it isn’t?

Answer each question in detail.

What host factors might be involved in determining whether a microbe becomes a pathogen in one individual and a commensal in another?

The Power of Bacteria

What sort of host factors might be expected to influence the evolution of a pathogen? Explain briefly how each of the techniques described in this chapter could be used to probe the role of a newly-discovered host factor (factor X) in the infection process.

Following up on your answer to the question above, explain how the results of each technique covered in this chapter could DISPROVE the involvement of host factor X in response to infection by a particular bacterial pathogen.

What obstacles do researchers face in the search for host factors that contribute to virulence?

What host factors might be involved in determining whether a microbe becomes a pathogen in one individual and a commensal in another? How might these host factors be identified through some of the screening assays talked about in this chapter.

Explain the affects of the autonomic nervous system on heart activity,including the specific receptors.

Answer the following short answer questions.

Answers should be clear and concise to address the main points of each topic as discussed in the subsequent weeks with a minimum of 250 words. An associated diagram/graph should be drawn (student-created) or included from the Internet  (include the URL) to help clarify any of your points. Utilize the checklist below to assist with completion of each essay answer:

10 points:

The information is correct and the main points of the topic are explained appropriately.

5 points:

A personal example or an application is included,which effectively help to strengthen the topic’s points.

5 points:

An appropriate diagram/graph is included to enhance the topic’s points. The diagram/graph could be student-created or an image from the Internet (include the URL).

5 points:

There are no grammatical and/or spelling errors.

5 points:

Each topic question is answered in a minimum of 250 words.

Short Answer Topic #1:

Explain the action potential of a cardiac pacemaker cell.

Short Answer Topic #2:

Explain the action potential of a cardiomyocyte cell.

Short Answer Topic #3:

Explain the cardiac cycle.

Short Answer Topic #4:

Explain the affects of the autonomic nervous system on heart activity,including the specific receptors.

Short Answer Topic #5:

Explain the different blood types and a transfusion reaction.

Short Answer Topic #6:

Explain the clotting pathways

How have modern means of food production contributed to an increasing incidence of infections with this organism?

Infectious disease case study

On the basis of the laboratory findings, what is the likely etiology of this patient’s diarrhea? Is the finding of white blood cells in the feces consistent with the recovery of this organism? Explain your answer.

What special laboratory and/or cultivation conditions are necessary to recover this organism?

What is the epidemiology of this organisms? What simple precautions can be taken to avoid its spread?

How have modern means of food production contributed to an increasing incidence of infections with this organism?

What is the current status of drug resistance in this organism?What factors are believed to play an important role in this status?

Although the patient has evidence of local invasion in the intestinal tract with this organism, bacteremia due to this organism is unusual. Explain this observation.