What is the difference between the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule?

Histology Workshop Report

Section 1: Red Blood Cells (RBC)

Write a short description of red blood cells regarding their function. Aim to write this within 100 words.

Section 2: Kidneys

Write a short description of the kidney and nephron regarding their structures and function. What is the difference between the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule? Together, what is their function? Where is the macula densa located and what is its function? Aim to write this within 100 words.

Section 3: Lungs

Write a short description of the lung regarding their structures and relate them to the function. The sections of lungs are full of gaps, and can often look “messy”. What are these gaps? And what is it that surrounds the “gaps”? (i.e. delineates them)? How can you tell what it is that surroundsthe gaps (or, put another way: what structure within the things that surrounds the gaps tells you what these “things” are?) Aim to write this within 100 words.

Section 4: Pancreas

Write a short description of the pancreas regarding their cell arrangement of acinar cells and cells of islets of Langerhans. Can you spot islets of Langerhans? How are the islets cells stained compared to those acinar cells? What is the staining reagent and what does it bind to? Aim to write this within 100 words.

Section 5: Staining reagents

What is the most common stain used for these slides? What is the basis for how this stain works? What sort of structures in the tissues do not stain so well with this stain? Aim to write this within 100 words.

Reference List

Human histology (2005) Alan Stevens (Pathologist) J. S Lowe (James Steven) London: Mosby 3rd ed..ISBN : 072343342

What can they tell us about the autoimmune response in RA?Why might pre-treatment with the immunomodulatory agent BiP prevent joint damage and what effect might this have on the T cells.

ELISA experiment rheumatoid arthritis

Task:

Data analysis: analyse the data you are provided with to determine the amount of IL-17 and
IL-10 produced by each of the four experimental samples (A-D).
1. Plot and present annotated standard curves of the two ELISA experiments on graphs using an appropriate analysis package (e.g. Excel, Prism) – ensure graphs are presented and labelled appropriately. (8 marks)

2. Calculate the concentrations of cytokines secreted in the unknown samples (A-D) and complete data tables D & E. Present the results of your analysis of ALL the experimental samples (including those generated above) in separate graphs showing the degree of biological variation. (6 marks)

Results description (500 words maximum).

1. Draw a schematic of the experiment (4 marks)

2. Describe the results (12 marks)
Remember to include a description of what the CIA samples did in comparison to respective baseline samples and the differences between the samples pre-treated and untreated with the immunomodulatory agent. Comment on what the sensitivity of the two ELISA experiments was and how reliable and reproducible the results are.

Results discussion (500 words maximum). (20 marks)

Give a brief discussion and conclusion for your findings. Why were these two cytokines measured? What can they tell us about the autoimmune response in RA?Why might pre-treatment with the immunomodulatory agent BiP prevent joint damage and what effect might this have on the T cells.

Finally, can you find any research literature that supports these conclusions in human RA?

Describe the blood flow defect associated with right-sided heart failure.

Cardiovascular system pathology

Dr. Collins rushed Mr. Helms into surgery for valve replacement. Mrs. Helms waited anxiously in the waiting area for family for hours until she saw Nurse Nan coming toward her with a big smile. “Your husband is in the recovery room. He’s going to be just fine.” Mrs. Helms sighed with relief and gave Nurse Nan a big hug.

Questions

Helms’s damage to his mitral valve caused left-sided heart failure. What do you think might cause right-sided heart failure?

Describe the blood flow defect associated with right-sided heart failure.

What type of symptoms could be expected with right-sided heart failure?

How is the direction of blood flow disrupted because of mitral valve prolapse?

Cardiovascular system pathology

Dr. Collins called Nurse Nan from the patient’s room and confided, “Mr. Helms is in bad shape. His left posteromedial papillary muscle was damaged from his heart attack. The papillary muscle is no longer able to maintain closure of the valve, and this has resulted in mitral valve prolapse. With decreasing cardiac output, this patient is in for a fight for his life.” Nurse Nan knew that maintaining cardiac output was necessary for adequate blood flow through the body. As Dr. Collins walked away, Nurse Nan composed herself to tell Mrs. Helms the bad news and returned to the patient’s room. Nurse Nan explained to Mrs. Helms that her husband had left-sided heart failure and that his blood pressure was slowly and steadily decreasing

How is the direction of blood flow disrupted because of mitral valve prolapse?

Stroke volume is defined as the amount of blood exiting the ventricle with each ventricular contraction.

How does mitral valve prolapse change stroke volume?  Explain your answer.

Cardiac output is defined as the amount of blood exiting the ventricle per minute. How does mitral valve prolapse change cardiac output?  Explain your answer.

What is the function of the papillary muscle and how does it affect heart valve function?

Cardiovascular system pathology

His wife was panicked since her 72 year-old husband had a history of heart disease and had a heart attack two years ago.  The admitting physician suspected another heart attack and ordered an echocardiogram.  After examination and an echocardiogram, Dr. Collins spoke with Mrs. Helms. “I’m very sorry, but your husband has had another heart attack resulting in valve failure. The heart attack was caused by an occlusion in an artery that provides the heart muscle with blood.  Lack of blood flow to the area damaged the papillary muscle that controls a valve in his heart has been severely damaged and is no longer working.”

Questions

What is the function of the papillary muscle and how does it affect heart valve function?

Which valve is affected with damage to the papillary muscle in the left ventricle?

Based on your knowledge of cardiac circulation, which artery is probably occluded to cause damage to the papillary muscle in the left ventricle.

Why is Mr. Helms’ respiratory rate and oxygen saturation altered?

Why is Mr. Helms’ heart rate so high?

does Mr. Helms’ have high blood pressure? Explain.

Explain the functions of the enteric nervous system.

Do you have a Second Brain?

https://youtu.be/meKRua8UJSohttps://youtu.be/C_5E_l-iCwchttps://youtu.be/T3Ftj5E90tY

What did you learn about anatomy of the digestive system from the first video??

Explain the functions of the enteric nervous system.

Why do you think the enteric nervous system is called the “second brain”

 

How did your life trajectory lead to applying to graduate school at UC San Diego?What drives your interest and passion for neuroscience?

UCSD Statement of Purpose

“From your Statement of Purpose, we hope to get a sense of what drives and motivates your passion for neuroscience research. To that end, writing about how your interest in the field developed can be insightful. In addition, please feel free to take this opportunity to discuss both the ups and downs of your path into scientific research or any perceived shortcomings in your application.

How did your life trajectory lead to applying to graduate school at UC San Diego?What drives your interest and passion for neuroscience?